As for titanium dioxide, the FDA approved titanium dioxide for use as a food additive in 1966. The last time the agency reviewed the additive’s safety, according to the Guardian, was in 1973.

Nanoparticles

Lithopone, a white pigment composed of a mixture of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, is commonly used in the leather industry as a coloring agent. Leather suppliers around the world rely on lithopone to achieve the desired color and finish on their products.

Example of partial substitution of titanium dioxide with lithopone supplier 30% in a liquid paint. 

When E171 is part of a food product, it passes through the digestive system without causing harm because E171 combines with the other ingredients. 

Moreover, the coatings formulated with MBR9668 exhibit excellent thermal stability, allowing them to perform well in various temperature ranges without compromising their consistency or effectiveness. This feature is particularly valuable in industries such as aerospace and manufacturing, where components must withstand extreme conditions.

Inflammation of the intestines

A Lawsuit Claims Skittles Are Unfit for Consumption. Experts Weigh in, by Rachel Rabkin Peachman, The New York Times, July 26, 2022

A few non-dietary studies have reported adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals given food-grade TiO₂. However, these same effects were not seen when the same or higher doses of food-grade TiO₂ were administered in the animals' diet. Dietary studies best reflect how humans are exposed to TiO₂ from food. Thus, the Food Directorate placed the most emphasis on the results of these studies in the state of the science report.

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